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Abstract During periods of increased geomagnetic activity, perturbations within the terrestrial magnetosphere are known to induce currents within conducting materials, at the surface of Earth through rapid changes in the local magnetic field over time (dB/dt). These currents are known as geomagnetically induced currents and have potentially detrimental effects on ground based infrastructure. In this study we undertake case studies of five geomagnetic storms, analyzing a total of 19 days of 1‐s SuperMAG data in order to better understand the magnetic local time (MLT) distribution, size, and occurrence of “spikes” indB/dt, with 131,447 spikes indB/dtexceeding 5 nT/s identified during these intervals. These spikes were concentrated in clusters over three MLT sectors: two previously identified pre‐midnight and dawn region hot‐spots, and a third, lower‐density population centered around 12 MLT (noon). The noon spike cluster was observed to be associated with pressure pulse impacts, however, due to incomplete magnetometer station coverage, this population is not observed for all investigated storms. The magnitude of spikes indB/dtare determined to be greatest within these three “hot‐spot” locations. These spike occurrences were then compared with field‐aligned current (FAC) data, provided by the Active Magnetospheric Planetary Electrodynamic Response Experiment. Spikes are most likely to be co‐located with upward FACs (56%) rather than downward FACs (30%) or no FACs (14%). 

Abstract A necessary condition for the generation of Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) that can pose hazards for technological infrastructure is the occurrence of large, rapid changes in the magnetic field at the surface of the Earth. We investigate the causes of such events or “spikes” observed by SuperMAG at auroral latitudes, by comparing with the time‐series of different types of geomagnetic activity for the duration of 2010. Spikes are found to occur predominantly in the pre‐midnight and dawn sectors. We find that pre‐midnight spikes are associated with substorm onsets. Dawn sector spikes are not directly associated with substorms, but with auroral activity occurring within the westward electrojet region. Azimuthally‐spaced auroral features drift sunwards, producing Ps6 (10–20 min period) magnetic perturbations on the ground. The magnitude of is determined by the flow speed in the convection return flow region, which in turn is related to the strength of solar wind‐magnetospheric coupling. Pre‐midnight and dawn sector spikes can occur at the same time, as strong coupling favors both substorms and westward electrojet activity; however, the mechanisms that create them seem somewhat independent. The dawn auroral features share some characteristics with omega bands, but can also appear as north‐south aligned auroral streamers. We suggest that these two phenomena share a single underlying cause. The associated fluctuations in the westward electrojet produce quasi‐periodic negative excursions in the AL index, which can be mis‐identified as recurrent substorm intensifications. 

Abstract Magnetic reconnection occurring between the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the dayside magnetopause causes a circulation of magnetic flux and plasma within the magnetosphere, known as the Dungey cycle. This circulation is transmitted to the ionosphere via field‐aligned currents (FACs). The magnetic flux transport within the Dungey cycle is quantified by the cross‐polar cap potential (CPCP or transpolar voltage). Previous studies have suggested that under strong driving conditions the CPCP can saturate near a value of 250 kV. In this study we investigate whether an analogous saturation occurs in the magnitudes of the FACs, using observations from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment. The solar wind speed, density and pressure, theB_zcomponent of the IMF, and combinations of these, were compared to the concurrent integrated current magnitude, across each hemisphere. We find that FAC magnitudes are controlled most strongly by solar wind speed and the orientation and strength of the IMF. FAC magnitude increases monotonically with solar wind driving but there is a distinct knee in the variation around IMFB_z = −10 nT, above which the increase slows. 

Key Points Large dB / dt “spikes” in ground magnetometer data occur in three local time hotspots in the pre‐midnight, dawn, and pre‐noon sectors These are consistent with spikes produced by substorm onsets, omega bands, and the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability, respectively Spike occurrence is controlled by solar activity, maximizing in the declining phase of the solar cycle, esp. solar cycle 23